What is the true formula for soil permeability? Not clear

P-value: What is and what is not

The misinterpretation and misuse of p-value have been increasing for decades. In March 2016, the American Statistical Association released a statement to warn about the use and interpretation of p-value. In this study, we provided a definition and discussion of p-value and emphasized the importance of its accurate interpretation.    

health communication what it is and what is not

What Is Not Clear in Fuzzy Control Systems?

The paper presents a number of unclear, unsolved or partly solved problems of fuzzy logic, which hinder precise transformation of expert knowledge about proper control of a plant in a fuzzy controller. These vague problems comprise the realization of logical and arithmetic operations and another basic problem, i.e., the construction of membership functions. The paper also indicates how some of ...

What if the Hereditarian Hypothesis Is True?

Rushton and Jensen (in press) review ten bodies of evidence to support their argument that the long-standing, worldwide Black-White average differences in cognitive ability are more plausibly explained by their “hereditarian” (50% genetic causation) theory than by “cultureonly” (0% genetic causation) theory. This commentary evaluates the relevance of their evidence, the overall strength of thei...

When What is Useful is Not Necessarily True: The Underappreciated Conceptual Scheme

A major emphasis of research in informing science and its contributing disciplines is the development of theory. As it is most commonly used, the term theory refers to our attempt to describe—in symbolic terms—some underlying truth. Through developing such descriptions, we seek to improve our understanding of phenomena that occur in the natural or social world and, perhaps, enhance our ability ...